Brain Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction Reinforcement

Cerebrum Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction Reinforcement Examine how hypotheses relate chronic drug use to endogenous cerebrum systems controlling support, and take a gander at how these speculations might be utilized to improve the viability of treatment of habit In psycho-organic terms fixation is viewed as the apparent requirement for a medication or substance and the potential for the ensuing re-utilization of that substance frequently showing itself in an example of medication initiated conduct. This has shown an association between the personal conduct standard of a client and the organic yearnings that are related with this example of conduct. Because of this connection among needy and oppressive standards of conduct and the organic and mental desires for the needed substances, research has gone into building up the impacts of illicit drug use and their premise in brain science bringing about numerous neurobiological models. As far as examples of conduct, operant molding gives an advantageous, simple and solid method of modifying any subject’s example of conduct under the molding of a controlled and alterable natural. This has been directed in research in an effectively noticeable way that was then ready to represent factors relating to compulsion and the potential for maltreatment through understanding to a pre-contrived model. Through the ideas of positive respect, reaction and reward and through molding practices this could then be changed in accordance with test any free factor. This goes about as a helpful technique for watching the impacts of medications and was contrived by early Psychopharmacological specialists in an offer to analyze the connection between sedate use and personal conduct standards. One such bit of original examination that fused this relationship was directed by Dews (1953). In his establishing study, Dew started a program of operant examinations trying to watch the socia l impacts of medications to perceive how it could go about as a forerunner for compulsion. His underlying tests on the personal conduct standards saw in creatures prompted the foundation that a calendar of fortification keeping up an example of conduct could assume a basic job in deciding the impacts of a medication (Dews, 1955). Through operant molding and social perception he had the option to observe that the portion impacts of the medications utilized in his examination shifted as far as exhibitions that were kept up under two distinct calendars of support. Nonetheless, he was likewise ready to see that there was a portion go in which the pace of conduct would increment in one timetable condition, while it diminished in the other condition. This was an early sign that chronic drug use relied on the timetable as much as it did the measurement. Basically, habit was controlled by examples of conduct as much as examples of conduct were dictated by sedate use. In these early tests, D ews had the option to discover that energizers would build the likelihood of an example of conduct as it related to the significant arrangement of a medication. In any case, he was additionally ready to take note of that the medication could diminish the likelihood of some random example of conduct itself. This exploration showed that there was an assortment of ideas affecting everything inside the job of fixation, for example, resistance, misuse, reliance and prize. In contemporary examination, we can see that these components have been consolidated trying to recognize the systems in the cerebrum that lead to reliance, misuse and compulsion through the parsing of remuneration. This was formulated by Berridge et al (2003) as the examination to discover the neuro-pharmacological reason for three primary mental parts basic to the parsing of remuneration and beginning of enslavement. These were the ideas of discovering that incorporated the unequivocal and understood information delivered by cooperative molding and intellectual procedures, an effect or feeling, for example, certain loving and cognizant delight related with the experience of the medication, and inspiration; recommended as the verifiable motivating force remarkable needing and the going with subjective motivator objectives. Basically, this three way split uncovered that learning (Dews calendars of support), longing for (the apparent impact of the medication) and propensity (Dews examples of conduct) were the major contributing and working elements in the job of dependence. Looking at these three basic parts, Franken (2003) had the option to observe an attentional inclination that showed the requirement for pertinent clinical methodologies and medicines. It was reasoned that psychological procedures would intercede between the medication upgrade or longing for and the subjects learned reaction to the improvement and ensuing social reaction (e.g., tranquilize use, backslide). It was uncovered that a molded medication improvement delivered an expansion in dopamine levels in the corticostriatal circuit, specifically the front cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and core accumbens, which thusly served in drawing the subjects consideration towards an apparent medication upgrade. This procedure brought about an engine arrangement and a hyper-mindful state towards sedate related upgrades that, at last, advanced further desiring and backslide. This implied desiring was initiated by upgrades as opposed to by a consumption of medication inside the body’s disseminat ion or the adherence to a calendar. The ramifications of this are an individual encircled by boosts is bound to be helpless to the natural beginning of longing for and ensuing maltreatment or backslide than the individuals who are needy upon a timetable of support and standard of conduct. In ensuing examination, the impacts of a medication upon the client where tried against two gatherings; those of long haul use and those of moderately momentary use, trying to check whether there was a distinction in the variety of resilience, both cell and conduct. In an investigation directed by Koob (2005) the prompt impacts of medications were contrasted with those saw after long haul presentation to perceive what job resilience played. A neurobiological reason for tranquilize reliance was proposed from the linkage between the cell and social impacts of these medications and the resilience towards them. This implied there was a between connection among conduct and medication impact that could demonstrate sedate reliance and resulting treatment systems. In spite of the fact that there seems, by all accounts, to be a connection between the standards of conduct of medication taking and a neurobiological reason for sedate reliance that may demonstrate territories of expected treatment and regions of possible backslide and misuse, no doubt this depends essentially on an arrangement of saw reward. In any case, prior examination has demonstrated a framework that doesn't rely on remuneration. Examination by Koob et al (1998) proposed that it was tranquilize ‘seeking’ that was related with actuation of remuneration neural hardware. While, chronic drug use completely included a clouded side characterized as an abatement in the capacity of typical prize related neuro-hardware and industrious enlistment of hostile to compensate frameworks, medicate misuse didn't. They suggested that understanding the neuroplasticity of this clouded side of the hardware could be the way to understanding the helplessness to habit. This exploration c an be viewed as a method of showing the viability of the possibility to backslide after the fruitful treatment for chronic drug use just as a method of deciding the neurobiological potential for illicit drug use. >From these investigations, we can seen that chronic drug use is connected to the neurobiological arrangement of the mind that related to ecological factors, for example, improvements, social factors, for example, plans, and subjective factors, for example, reward, can be recognized and rewarded through the tending to of fortifications and their connection to longings and reliance. Book index Berridge, K, C., Robinson, T., (2003) Parsing reward. Patterns in Neuroscience. 26, 507-513. Dews, P.B. (1953) The estimation of the impact of medications on willful action in mice. English Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 46-48. Dews, P, B., (1955) Studies on Behavior. Diary of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 113, 393-401 Franken, IHA., (2003) Drug desiring and fixation: incorporating mental and neuropsychopharmacological approaches Prog. Neuro-Psychopharm. Biol. Psych, 27, 563-579 Koob, G, F., (2005) The neurocircuitry of habit: Implications for treatment. Clin. Neurosci. Res., 5, 89-101 Koob, G, F., Sanna, P, P., Bloom, F, E., (1998). Neuroscience of fixation. Neuron, 21, 467-476.

No specific topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No particular theme - Essay Example Parsons table has four square legs, which has a similar thickness as its deck or top, whatever might be the length or width of the table. It has maximally impacted human practices, since it is as a rule some portion of numerous homes and furthermore on the grounds that the individuals have changed the table as indicated by their motivations. â€Å"Essentially it’s a smooth, extra, adaptable table that planner Susan Brunstrum accepts each home needs.† (Gerlach Group 2011). In the initial segment of the twentieth century, it was utilized as a select enlivening furniture thing without mass use. In any case, as a major aspect of evolving society, individuals needed an improving table, which can be utilized in a multipurpose way. â€Å"Its striking plan makes it the ideal mixed drink table, foot stool, feasting table, side table or incidental table,’’ (Gerlach Group 2011). Credenzas are capacity cupboards with both fixed cupboards and movable racks. At the poi nt when it was propelled in accordance with culture of hairsplitting in mid 1960s’, it thought of great and simultaneously cool and intriguing plans. As individuals from different areas demonstrated enthusiasm for this item, it turned out to be further versatile, as it fused various textures, distinctive metal completions, and so forth.

Summertime and the living is slightly less difficult than usual

Summertime and the living is slightly less difficult than usual Hmm, I was under the impression that summer was supposed to be a relaxing break of some sort. Apparently my schedule hasnt gotten the memo. Although I have been watching a great deal of Law and Order this summer (its addictive, I swear), I havent done much else in the way of vegetating. First, I took the GRE in July, and the majority of my free time prior to the test was spent studying. (It did pay off with a great score 1540 but I dont think Ive ever spent so much time studying for a test in my life.) Ive also been getting stuff together to apply to grad school. I wrote my CV the other night, and I promise Im going to sit down tomorrow night and write my statement of purpose. (For grad school, you dont get to write essays about what you do in your free time they really dont care about anything other than your previous research experience, what you want to research in grad school, and how seriously youre committed to your field. They dont even care about your extracurriculars. Scary, yes?) Im trying to get everything together before school starts, because Im sort of taking 60 units and working at my UROP 16 hours a week this fall, so yeah, I need to get app stuff done early. Add to this the fact that Ive been ODing on labwork this week. I was in lab until 7 PM on Friday night (actually because I almost blew something up but I can pretend it was from dedication); I was there from 9 AM to 6 PM yesterday, then went back from 8 PM to 9 PM to prepare some antibody I needed today. To top things off, I went in at 7 AM today, and will probably go in at 7 AM again tomorrow. I guess the real issue here is that I (like many MIT students) am a little bit on the masochistic side I work like crazy because I really like what Im doing, and I like it when my hard work pays off. One of the favorite activities of the collective student body is whining about the mountains of work we have to do; some undergrads here have elevated it to an art form. Thats not to say you shouldnt take me seriously when Im complaining about how busy and stressed and exhausted and burned out I am just keep reminding me that Im doing it to myself.

How Storytelling Is A Link And Establishes Order Essay

Among the things existing in the world, storytelling is the only thing given birth in the world. Small discoveries lead to huge discoveries. Storytelling is the art of human communication in all cultures around the world. Storytelling is a link and establishes order. It includes plots, setting, characters, imagery, metaphors, similes, and proverbs. Storytelling evokes the emotion of all human beings through compelling tales of wonder, mystery, horror, and happiness. Through repetition of storytelling, storytelling enables a way of communication and the way of relating the past to future generations of listeners. Brought about by pain, inhumanity, and suffrage of their people. African-American writers sought to necessitate change throughout their writing. Through their storytelling, these writers have vividly portrayed the way African-Americans were mistreated, disenfranchise, their feelings toward oppressions, and their ability to endure despite it. African American Authors such as J ames Baldwin, Lorraine Hansberry, James Oliver Killen, Nora Zeale Hurston and Toni Morssion address the issue of race in their writing. In this paper, I am going to discuss the similarities of all these writers and their contribution to the literature world. James Baldwin is an African-American writer born August 2, 1924 in Harlem, New York. One of the 20th century greatest writers, James broke new literary ground with the exploration of racial and social issues in many works. He wasShow MoreRelatedA Good Story By Malcom Gladwell1257 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at the reviews of Gladwell’s book, there seems to be a pattern of critiques. The most popular critique of the reviewers is that Gladwell does not illustrate enough proof in his books. Gladwell is also accused of stretching the truth of topics in order to make them fit in his story. Many of his relations do not make sense. There is also a pattern showing that Gladwell takes information that is already known to the world and makes it his own. A big issue with most of these reviewers is Malcolm Gladwell’sRead MoreJewish People and Collective Memory: The Early Years of Zionist Settlement in Palestine1637 Words   |  7 Pagesinteracting with the surrounding world, de veloped and transmitted from generation to generation (Salazar 1998: 117). The national identity connects people to other people through the shared cultural feature and values in the present, and simultaneously links them to a past and a future. For a nationless people creating a common past and a future was essential to creating national identity. 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Definition of KM In simpler terms, KM is the answer to the question, How can the organisation update and use its knowledge more effectively? (Kochikar, 1999) . With the understanding of the definition of KM, it can be possible to analyse the challenges of KM that has arose in the infosys context. Infosys did not start KMRead MoreMidnights Children Essay2493 Words   |  10 Pageselucidating (or creating) their coherence with moments in the past and future. While Kermode talks about providing this order primarily through an imaginatively predicted future (8), Saleem approaches the project by ordering everything in his past into neat, causal relationships, with each event a result of what preceded it. While he is frequently skeptical of the true order of the past, he never doubts its eminence; he is certain that everyone is handcuffed to history (482). 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The delusions Joe harbors about his role in Norma’s life stand in stark juxtaposition to contextual indicators of his subservience and loss of free willRead MoreBaz Luhrmann Essay2447 Words   |  10 Pagesinformation about his entrance into the film industry, his passion for storytelling and his work with different mediums. Luhrmann began his journey into film making as an actor, he soon tired of this and after some words of advice from British director Peter Brook, he turned his attention to the one piece act, Strictly Ballroom. My research into auteurism has led me to delve into the thread that links the films of Luhrmanns Red Curtain Trilogy; Strictly Ballroom, Romeo Read More The Destruction of Identity in Vertigo, The Tenant, Mulholland Drive2858 Words   |  12 PagesThe Destruction of Identity in Vertigo, The Tenant, Mulholland Drive The rudimentary form of narrative storytelling lends itself towards application to an individual subject’s life story due to the correspondence of a narrative’s finite bounds and the subject’s mortality. Vertigo (dir. Alfred Hitchcock, 1958), The Tenant (dir. Roman Polanski, 1976), and Mulholland Drive (dir. David Lynch, 2001) are consistent with this idea because their narratives follow an individual human subject fromRead MoreThe Trickster of Hamelin3336 Words   |  13 PagesThe moral of the story ends up being a lesson in morality, that lesson being don’t make promises you don’t intend to keep and don’t back out on a deal. Narrative Elements In this retelling, there are changes to the Protagonist, setting, and storytelling elements. The overall story of the pied piper however stays true to the original and borrows ideas from the original characters in the poem. The major changes to the story include scenes in which to better express characters including the children

Short Story - 770 Words

â€Å"This†¦ is quite a lot to prepare given the timeline,† Ignis fretted, looking at the Citadel’s schedule for their upcoming trip. â€Å"Is there any way to get an extension on this, General Drautos?† â€Å"As much as I’d love to, our honorable guests from Niflheim are to arrive within the next five days,† Drautos tiredly replied. He noticed the general’s cheekbones have sunken in more. â€Å"Do you think you can make do?† The adviser softly sighed and adjusted his spectacles as he re-read the document until it was fully committed to memory and nodded. â€Å"I’m sure I can make this work if the rest of the group pitches in.† â€Å"Good. I leave it in your capable hands,† the general finalized. â€Å"We’ll be in touch should anything change. Keep your phone on you at all†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"(Y/N) made it?† â€Å"†¦ Yes.† Ignis knew where this was going. â€Å"Sure you two aren’t an item?† â€Å"She’s just a friend and nothing more.† â€Å"I dunno if you’re just telling yourself that or you’re really that emotionally idiotic,† Gladio casually replied. â€Å"No, please. Tell me what you really think.† â€Å"Look, friends of the opposite sex don’t normally do the stuff you two do, like letting her crash at your place on a whim and make breakfast for you both,† he pointed out. â€Å"That’s couple stuff. The fact she made that extra effort on the coffee for you means something.† Gladio’s words struck a chord in him. Thinking back on it now, his previous girlfriends never did that for him when they slept over. It was always him doing so, mostly out of habit. It was different with (Y/N) for some reason; his trust with her ran deep. Only now did he realize there were so many pieces of their lives that fit together and entwined like a red thread of fate. â€Å"I’m sure she did it out of courtesy,† Ignis brushed off his friend’s observation. â€Å"Considering how impulsive she can be most of the time.† â€Å"I dunno. If you ask me, she’s got guts. Up and leaving her family responsibilities to make her own path,† Gladio remarked with respect. â€Å"She would’ve made a great Crownsguard, if you ask me.† â€Å"I’m sure her parents would be elated to hear that.† â€Å"Just†¦ keep an open mind, Iggy,† his friend coerced. â€Å"You can’t plan everything out in life. (Y/N)’s good for you. She keeps you on your toes.† â€Å"I wish sheShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. 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Demographics Paper Free Essays

The expected growth of the aging population in Louisiana is expected to grow and will have a tremendous impact on our healthcare system in the years to come. In the past, the increased growth of the aging population was not a problem. Presently it is becoming a problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Demographics Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now One major impact is the need for health care workers. Healthcare workers are decreasing because physicians and other health care workers are retiring. When people get older, they also need more healthcare services. The demand for healthcare services is growing because of the older adult population. Baby boomers from years ago are growing and maturing. In the meantime, fertility rates are declining. This is what is leading to the increased aging population in Louisiana. The aging population is living longer because of new technologies extending their years. Demographics are constantly changing and so are healthcare costs in result. The government is implementing plans to tackle the problems associated with the aging population. It is not an easy task. It is very challenging and difficult to implement successful changes. However, the future is looking very good for the aging population if the government can provide solutions to the barriers caused from the growth of the aging population. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, â€Å"the percentage of persons in Louisiana 65 and older is 12. 3%. † Statistics show how much of an impact the aging population has on health care services and costs. â€Å"The aging of the population of Louisiana is one of the most important demographic trends affecting the state. Estimates show that Louisiana has approximately 436,992 caregivers, who provide more than 468 million hours of care valued at more than $4. 6 billion. † That goes to show just how important it is that fertility rates increase. We are in desperate need for health care workers to care for the aging population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2007). † Not only are we in need for workers, but we are also losing money as the aging population increases. Louisiana is now facing a serious problem that could seriously affect the population and healthcare costs. â€Å"Louisiana’s birth rate is declining, which means our state is aging (Jones, 2007). † Th e number of elderly people is continuing to grow. The numbers of births are continuing to decline. The only solution is to increase fertility rates by having more babies. The impending growth of the elderly population will require Medicare and Medicaid services to change based on the needs of the population. In recent years, healthcare costs were much lower. Healthcare costs have increased because of the need for services among the elderly population. The changing patterns will focus on the needs of the patient. When health care costs go up, many citizens are unable to afford health insurance. Therefore, many patients will go untreated because they are unable to pay for their healthcare costs. There are two problems here. Patients are going without care and their health problems and conditions could get worse because of a lack of healthcare. According to Finger Lakes Health Systems Agency, 2004, â€Å"at the current rate of growth of health care costs and with the population aging, assuming no fundamental changes, 28% of the American economy will be spent on health care by 2030. More than one-third of national health care expenditures are currently attributable to people 65 or older. In the next 20 years, half of all health care encounters will involve older adults. † These statistics show just how much a change is needed regarding our healthcare system and the aging population. It is becoming very difficult for healthcare organizations to plan for such a change. The community has been working to address challenges associated with the aging population. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, 2005, â€Å"figures show that Louisiana will add 333,675 people by 2030, increasing the total population to 4. 8 million. But higher growth rates elsewhere will drop Louisiana from the 22nd most populist state in the nation to 26th by 2030. † This has already begun to happen. Another thing that Louisiana is doing to address major challenges is increasing the wages for healthcare workers. When there is a shortage of jobs, graduate students see this as a golden opportunity to make more money. It gives students motivation and encouragement to get into the field right away. Louisiana is making positive moves to change the way it uses federal Medicaid funds as well. The community is making every effort to combat the problems associated with the aging population, such as the increased health care costs, infertility rates, and need for health care workers. Implementing these changes in Louisiana will be very effective and create a healthy population growth. Chronic disease wellness programs are a great way to decrease healthcare costs and improve healthcare productivity. Because of the rise in health care costs, the government is looking for new strategies to lower healthcare costs. Researchers believe that chronic wellness programs are the answer. â€Å"Wellness programs have proved to be cost effective and the return on investment has been well worth the initial cost (David, 2010). † Helping the aging population develop a healthy lifestyle increases productivity and lower health care costs and insurance premiums. If we do not create chronic disease wellness programs, we will not gain anything. As a matter of fact, we will be paying more for insurance and set back from improved productivity. The need for lowered healthcare costs is pushing government officials to implement chronic disease wellness programs throughout the state and the country. â€Å"Health promotion programs or Wellness programs are geared to improve employee’s physical, emotional, and psychological health (David, 2010). † It is better to spend a little money to gain a lot of money instead of losing money due to the lack of healthcare knowledge and motivation of patients and employees. Chronic disease wellness programs improve cash flows for organizations and also keep people healthy. Many people decide to change their lifestyles after these interventions. These programs provide so many great benefits that it would be foolish for the government to reject or ignore them. The aging population is more likely to need healthcare products and services as they age. â€Å"Unfortunately, elderly adults are often confronted with sales gimmicks, advertisements, telephone solicitations, or mailings that promote products that have no value in treating a physical or psychological problem and can, at times, actually be harmful to the individual (Ryder, 2011). It is important for the older generation to feel safe and secure buying the necessary products to help with their medical conditions. In order to market products to patients, organizations can promote them through doctor’s offices. This way the patient knows that the organization selling the product is not a scam. If the product is not being sold through the doctor’s office, the patient can always ask his or her doctor if the product being used is safe to use. When marketing a product, I would point out to the patient that the product is FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved. This will let the patient know that the product is safe to use and does work to treat medical problems. As the young generation grows old, there is an increased need for services and products. The aging population usually have many more doctor visits, prescription drugs, need for beds in hospitals, need for healthcare services and products than the young generation. This is driving healthcare costs up at a remarkably increasing rate. There are many challenges being faced by the aging population and healthcare organizations because of people growing old. Louisiana has a desperate need for more health care workers and more births in order healthcare costs. Growing old is what is causing this. The community is trying to come up with solutions to decrease healthcare costs and promote the need for more healthcare workers. A couple solutions have already been made, such as offering more money to college students who are inspiring to be healthcare professionals, adopting chronic disease wellness programs, increasing fertility rates, and watching how Louisiana spends their Medicaid funds. It is crucial for us to consider how we will be able to care for the aging population and at what cost. As one’s body becomes frail, older adults are highly likely to be in and out of health care settings for medical care. Health care professionals must be able to provide quality care to the elderly based on their individual needs. A more viable elder healthcare system is essential. The population is growing faster than the economy. Louisiana and its communities are facing many challenges as the population ages. However, there are many steps being taken by government that will help improve our healthcare system and services being provided to patients. It is a difficult process, but in the end is more than worth it. 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Career Planning for Hospitality Students free essay sample

During the global economic downturn it was predicted that India and China would not be affected as much and hospitality industry in particular would undergo minor changes. Besides this Khanna, 2008 outlined that lack of infrastructure in India would not be sufficient enough to sustain growth of hospitality industry. However the argument can be ruled out as a number of private organization both national and international are investing into Indian hospitality sector. This can be said as Carlson group of hotels are planning to open 50 new properties by the end of year 2012 across India. Many More hotel groups like Fairmont etc are entering fresh in India. It was predicted that the growth in Indian tourism would be around 8. 8% till 2013 which is closely related to hotel industry. The jobs in hospitality were also available during the period of time and are still growing. Moreover the number of hospitality graduates is still very low as compared to the demand of the industry. Hence hospitality as a career is still considered as a fair option in order to grow and make life out of it. Graduate labor market As outlined by Harvey (2001, cited by Nabi, 2000) graduates should posses certain attributes and skills in order to help them find a job and have sustainable growth in it. This would further help them build a career in the industry. However Graduate employability for the industry is still addressed by a question mark. Freed, 2010 states that hotel industry requires flexible graduates, moreover students who are willing to work with variable odd shifts with an initial entry level low salary. Though the availability of jobs is high but still the question arises that weather a hotel management should stay with the industry itself or invade other possible dimensions as well. Besides hotel industry many multinational companies offer fixed working hours and five days a week unlike hotels. Moreover hotels have long working hours as well. On top of all this Maslow (1943, cited in Green 2000) states that a person opts for a job that satisfies his/or basic or physiological needs. The wide options available in other sectors without even specializing and the existence of the concept of equal opportunity make them a more attractive option. To add upon a hotel job is India is considered as a blue color job. A fresh hotel graduate in India or anywhere else is required to have a specialization in his/her area of interest. They are also required to have a considerable work experience with internships etc by the time they graduate as well. Hotel industry also requires high grooming standards and punctuality as well which not much of a requirement. Fresh hospitality graduates are offered three options for employment in the hotel industry. †¢ Operational trainee programs in different areas like housekeeping, kitchen and service †¢ Management trainee programs which are further extended to finance, sales and marketing etc. †¢ Entry level employment as Associate, commis or executive. †¢ Certain hotel organization also offers a corporate trainee program. Management trainee programs are offered usually to fewer students comparatively. These are the students with untreated talent which can nurture in order to produce future managers. It further involves students into finances of an operation as well. On the other hand an operational trainee program is offered to the students who are not yet ready for the management positions. Further it prepares them of core operational competencies. Moreover cooperate trainee program is the highest which is offered to students with rare competencies. An organization believes them to be the future leaders of the organization. The hotel industry in India requires a number future leaders and operational employees. Human resource plays a vital role in management of these services (Jauhari, 2006). It is important from a student perspective who is seeking employment to know what is exactly expected from them by the employers. Harrera (2003) outlines 99 competencies which are required for manager’s ethical behavior. Moreover Harvey (1997, cited in Jenner, 2000) outlines 20 core competencies which are required by employers. Jauhari (2006) states that hospitality organizations seek talented graduates to recruit for their trainee programs. These programs can be considered as investments from the employer’s point of view for their employees. Nabi, 2003 outlines that hotel organizations are looking for fresh employees with not only intellectual skills but also people management skills as well. Initially to begin with one can always be confused to join the industry because of a number of factors though the odds and positives seem have a balance. Questions like how are global travel trends going to be in the future? Weather an economic meltdown affects the hotel industry or not? Certain questions were addressed during our internship which was not being arranged internationally due to the global economic downturn. Other questions like aiming for a management trainee program or a regular job was also in my mind. Moreover Drucker, 199 states that one must review and introspect their goals as per the change in situations and circumstances. This is supposed to happen as personal life and work life goes through a lot of changes as well. As per Aggarwal, 2006 the decrease of workers in industrial and manual jobs will increase the opportunities to abstract from of thought. This includes people with analytical and problem solving skills, moreover possessing the capacity for innovation. The literate population of India has gone up by 6. percent since 2001. As per the NHDC report the travel and tourism industry in India is accounted with a 6% growth in GDP and 30. 5 million jobs. In terms of travel India stands 9th in the index of relative cost of access which is ticket taxes and airport charge to international air transport services. Tourism is said to be the one of the largest net earners of foreign e xchange for the country which was contributing at 11. 747 million in 2008 with a 9. 5% growth year after year. Besides this the demand in terms of skill labor is very high in the hospitality sector with a shortage of manpower. The table underneath shows the cities and the projected demand in terms of manpower by the year 2013/14. Ministry of tourism has 21 hotel management and catering institutes which are responsible to meet the growth in the industry. Career options There have been a number of campus placement interviews and other options available as well. I have participated is a very few as I look for a position in Sales and marketing with a little scope of compromise. These have been Carlson and J. W. Marriot both for sales and marketing. Most of the hotel organizations don’t seem to offer a position for sales and marketing. Major options available are housekeeping, kitchen, Food and beverage service and front office as these are the areas which require more manpower than compared to sales division. Other areas that I am still looking at are procurement which has the same problem as sales. During my internships in various departments I have realized that I have less inclination for other operational options available. As I look forward to choose an organization and stick to it for a long period of time I cannot use any other job as a stepping stone for my area of interest. Competencies required for the Position: We are made aware of the organizations that come in for interview or we go visit at. These presentations talk about the skills and competencies that are required for the job position they offer. They outline flexibility in terms of shifts, working elsewhere rather than your hometown, culture etc. as I mentioned earlier organizations offering sales were less but during my vocational job I found out certain competencies required for a sales executive. Later during an interaction with Parivah Rustogi, director sales for J. W. Marriot I found out they are looking for outgoing personalities who are not exactly too study oriented. Taj Groups of Hotels Taj group of hotel is one of the largest hotel chains in India which is run by Indian hotel company ltd (IHCL). Taj hotels resorts and palaces were awarded the â€Å"Gallup Great Workplace 2010’ title complimenting the work environment they have created for their employees. This further included a lot many parameters like retention, training etc. (tajhotels. com) Employee engagement There are a number of factors which are responsible for employee engagement. Taj group of hotels conduct departmental briefings. They are further categorizing into mornings and evening. They discuss agenda of the day, current status and other things related to the employees. This helps boost the moral and motivate them for better work. The organization conducts a lot of analysis for employee engagement. These are factors responsible for their absenteeism etc. further there are exit interviews, retention issues, feedback analysis etc to keep a check upon the factors affecting motivation of their employees. Moreover there are a lot loyalty and reward programs which are known as STARS. These are responsible for staff motivation and improving performance. Here the employee is not rewarded through cash but points which are gained through positive acts at work. These points can be redeemed as other benefits later. Further they also concentrate upon training and development which helps an individual to build upon his skills and progress in his career. CV Analysis In order to write an appropriate CV one need to know herself/himself. The word itself Curriculum Vitae refers to â€Å"the course of life† (Jenner, 200). It helps an employer know about the professional life, performance and objective of a particular employee. It’s not just about our self but also how we fit into the organization in contrast to its policies and procedures and our strength and weaknesses. After undergoing through †¢ The cover letter was missing from my CV. A cover letter is very important in order to demonstrate past experiences. Moreover makes it convenient for the employer to retrieve information about the objective, work experience etc at a glance. †¢ Most of the information listed in terms of the contact details and certifications so far weren’t quite relevant for the employer. There was less information provided in regards to the job position that I wish to seek. There weren’t any certificates or much appreciation letters which could demonstrate my communication skills, being innovative, problem solving etc. moreover there wasn’t anything listing my achievement so far. †¢ It only mentioned the places where in I did my internships. There was no mentioning of the area I have tra ined in and how does it makes a difference with other students. So we can say that there wasn’t any kind of supporting information or document that would have interest my employer for the job position I wish to seek. Competencies Demonstrated and Implementations of Them in Job Selection Processes It is very important to know one being a fresh graduate while preparing for interviews and selection processes. In order to achieve this I undertook certain tests to find out what exactly my career goals are and the skills which are required survive in the work environment today. There was assessment center simulation which would help us rate our self on parameters upon which the employers would hire us. I did the Jung Typology test (appendix 2) which helped me figure out that I am an extrovert person. An extrovert is the one with an outgoing personality. I have also mentioned before this has helped me in my job ventures in sales and have gradually helped me develop my interest in sales division. This makes it easy for me to communicate with people and help me find leads. This further helps me identify customer problems and solve them. It also states that my feelings are moderate and less sensitive to others at times. I don’t spend much time judging how people are though I am an emotional person. Further I took a communication test to find out about my communication skills as they play a vital role (appendix 4). This also involves listening skills which requires proper understanding of what one’s saying. I found out that I can fairly interpret what other people are trying to communicate in terms of words and body language. I can empathize with other person feelings for a better understanding. I can perhaps alter my behavior accordingly to the other person comfort level of his/her understanding. The johari window (Jenner, 2000) helped me find out what others feel about me and how much does it intersect with my opinion (Appendix 10). This helped me find a blind spot. There has been a gap between my perception about myself and what others perceive of me. My peer felt that I am an outgoing person as well, one who would socialize with people and make new friends. They perceived me a little over confident with my work most of the times which has also been the feedback by my professors as well. Though I am a sociologist but yet I keep my secrets from the world keeping a wide margin in my personal space. Though I know much about myself in terms of my skills but yet there is a lot which can be discovered by new experiences. I try and take up new challenges to find out what I really like and what I would really want to take up as a career. This includes my part time job as a commis and sales at times besides my internship. This further helps me identify my strength and weaknesses. Moreover my interactions with my mentor further help me plan how my career path should be considering the test that I took for my ideal job (appendix 6). Moreover I took the Myers test to find to more insights about me (appendix 3). My interest lies in what is unknown, I think a little before my actions. I consider theories and how they relate in practical life.